Autocratic Democratic And Laissez Faire Management Essay

Autocratic Democratic And Laissez Faire Management Essay In the past twelve months I have witnessed quite a few leadership styles. When i was working in one of the diamond manufacturing companys the leader of the firm was the owner himself. He was a democratic leader he used to lead us by setting examples himself. All the decisions concerning the firm was always taken after consulting the employees of the company. Opinions of all the employees were duly considered before setting goals and targets which were to be achieved. But once the target were set he made clear that it has to be achieved under all circumstances because no targets were set without consulting the employees and above all targets which were set were realistic targets. This type of leadership behaviour is termed as job-centred behaviour by (Buchanan Huczynski 2010, p.598) the company in which I was working was a small size firm with only twenty employees working in it. He had no assistants and use to manage all the employees all by himself. Being a leader he had to deal wi th individual, group and organizational goals which he did it very efficiently and effectively. As mentioned in Buchanan Huczynski(2010)Managers do the things right but leaders do the right things he always did the right things at the right time as a true leader. According (Feilder 1996, cited in Hellriegel, et al. 2010, p.333) Group atmosphere is defined as the level at which a leaders control is accepted. Here in this case the group atmosphere was not at its peak. And the task structure was more of a routine one where goals were clearly defined by the leader to all the employees. According to Burns (1978), cited in Dawson(1996, p.227) he distinguishes leaders in two categories one as transformational leader and other as an transactional leader. the leader of our group was a transactional leader the one who gives what the employee desires and in return ask employees to full fill leaders desires. Here the employees wants were to earn money this was satisfied by giving their hard work and time to the company, an in return employees desires were fulfilled by getting the job done by paying the money to the employee. All employees were satisfied under his leadership style and behaviour including me which led to an comfortable organizational atmosphere to work in to and in this way enhanced organizational performance. The other example which I have noticed is an example of my father when I used to work in our family business. Here the relationship between me and my father was that of a leader, follower relationship. Here the leadership style which I observed was an autocratic one. As I was still a learner into the business I dint have much of knowledge and experience to take decisions. Here the group atmosphere was at its peak and the task structure was a non-routine one because here in this case the leader knows the better than the employee to perform a particular task (Feilder 1996, cited in Hellriegel, et al. 2010, p.333). The organisational goal were common that to increase the sales and thereby increasing the profits of the company. The leadership behaviour observed here was of employee-centred leadership behaviour. This means that the leader focuses on the relationship between the leader and the employee and he also focuses on the need of the employee (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010, p.606) as per James McGregor Burns(1978) the leader here was a transformational leader which means that the followers treated here with relationship in terms of motivation and commitment, and inspiring the followers to give more than the expected to improve organizational performance. The leadership style changes with the same person when it comes to different organization. For example when I am with my father during the office hours he is an autocratic leader, but as soon as we come back from work the leadership style changes. This is supported by Vroom and yettons (1973), cited in Rosenfeld and Wilson (1999, p.201) describes normative theory of leadership effectiveness, which says that the leadership style changes according to different situations. My father is the leader of our family also, here a different style of leadership is observed. Laissez-faire type of leadership is adopted here where all the members of the organization has the freedom to do whatever he wants to do. Here the decisions are not forced upon anybody and everyone has the full freedom to do whatever one wishes to do. Here the common organizational goal is to run the house effectively which the leader has to take care of. Which is fulfilled under this style of leadership. The leadership which I have noticed in the past twelve can also be termed as participative leadership in the first case and supportive leadership in the second and third case (Luthans 2002, p.587).Thus in the end we can say that leadership style and behaviour changes with different organization. From the above given examples also we can state that an effective leader always leads to an effective organizational. And thus in the end according to my own personal experinces I can say that there is a strong relationship between leadership style and behaviour to organizational performance. Refernces:- Buchanan, A.D. and Huczynski, A.A. 2010, Organizational Behaviour. 7th Edition. Essex: Pearson Education. pp. 596-622 Dawson.S.1996,Analysing Organisations. 3rd Edition. Essex: McMillan Press. pp.227-230 Hellriegel, D. et al. 2001, Organizational Behaviour.9th Edition. Essex: South-Western College Publishing.pp.322-354 Luthans, F. 2002, Organizational Behaviour. 9th Edition. Essex: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp.587 Rosenfeld, R.H. and Wilson, D.C.1999, Managing Organization. 2nd Edition. Essex: McGraw hill publishing company. pp. 201

Safety Management System

By recognizing the organization's role in accident prevention, SMSs provide to both certificate holders and the national aviation authority e. g. (CAAS): A structured means of safety risk management decision making A means of demonstrating safety management capability before system failures occur Increased confidence in risk controls though structured safety assurance processes An effective interface for knowledge sharing between regulator and certificate holder A safety promotion framework to support a sound safety culture Safety begins from both the top down and the bottom up.Everyone from the receptionist, ramp worker, pilot, manager, and CAAS Inspector has a role to perform. SMS is all about decision-making. Thus it has to be a decision-maker's tool, not a traditional safety program separate and distinct from business and operational decision making. Why do we need SMS? We are now in a position where the â€Å"common cause† accidents are diminishing in number. While it's a major success story, it's not a place to rest.When we find a cause that affects all or part of a large population of operators or other aviation participants, we can address risk through rulemaking – a risk control that applies to veryone to address risks to which everyone is exposed. There will always be some of these risks and work will continue to find them and address them. Many accidents that occur, however, are due to the unique aspects of the operating environments of individual operators of narrow segments of the aviation community.The causal factors of these accidents aren't common to everyone; they must be found and addressed with methods that are sensitive to the nuances of the individual operator's situation. One of the defining characteristics of an SMS is its emphasis on isk management [within the individual operators' environment and situation] – it's a gap filler between the common cause risk factors that are addressed by traditional regulations and th ose that are more elusive. Hypothetical Scenario Demonstrating the Need for SMS A well-designed aircraft with a history of reliable service is being prepared for a charter flight.Employees tow the aircraft from the hangar to the terminal. One employee sees wetness on the right tire as he unhooks the tow bar. However, he does not give it attention, as he is very busy and has three other aircraft to move in the ext 15 minutes. At the same time, a safety inspector is walking through the hangar when she encounters a hydraulic oil spill on the hangar floor. She notifies a Janitor to clean up the slip hazard as she leaves. While cleaning the spill, the Janitor wonders aloud where the spill came from. Afterwards, both the inspector and the Janitor continue with their respective Jobs.Meanwhile, the Chief Pilot assigns the charter flight to a new pilot with the company. While new to the company, the pilot is well trained and prepared for the flight. He is also eager to do a good Job and to i mpress the chief pilot. The chief tells him that the passengers and the aircraft are waiting at the terminal, and the new pilot has to get over there right away to keep the clients happy and on schedule. The flight requires a little more fuel, so a fuel truck is called. While the aircraft is being filled, the fueler notices a small puddle of reddish fluid under the right main landing gear.He sees the pilot walking out to the aircraft, but before he can say anything, his supervisor calls and tells him to get right over to another aircraft. Recently, the fueler was criticized by his supervisor for taking too long to finish his ork, so he quickly Jumps in his truck and drives off to the next Job without saying anything to the pilot. The pilot, wanting to make a good impression on his passengers and the chief pilot, personally escorts them to the aircraft and begins his preparation for the flight.One passenger asks him a brief question as he is on the right side of the aircraft. In a mo ment of distraction, he does not bend down to inspect the right hand main landing gear. During taxi, the pilot feels the aircraft is taking the bumps a little hard, but continues to the runway for take-off. Meanwhile, up in the tower, an air traffic controller, who appens to like this particular model of aircraft, picks up her binoculars to take a look at the taxiing aircraft. She notices a â€Å"wet spot† on the right main tire and radios the pilot.The pilot tells the controller that he probably ran over a puddle and asks for his clearance. At the destination airport, the pilot executes a perfect landing and applies the brakes. The leaking hydraulic fluid heats up and ignites. The right main landing gear is engulfed in flames. The controller notifies the pilot and then calls the crash fire rescue squad. The pilot calmly and proficiently manages the situation, successfully vacuating everyone from the aircraft without injury. The pilot and passengers watch from a safe distance while a perfectly good aircraft burns to the ground. How could this have happened? † wonders the pilot. Soon afterwards, the pilot is fired for failure to perform an adequate preflight inspection. Six months later, an aircraft is being towed out of a hanger. One of the employees sees wetness on the left main landing gear tire as he unhooks the tow bar†¦ Evolution of Safety Management Safety Management Systems (SMSs) are the product of a continuing evolution in aviation satety. Early aviation pioneers nad little satety regulation, practical experience, or engineering knowledge to guide them.

Game: Online Games Online Essay

Nowadays, online games are famous. People prefer to play online games during their leisure time. They are attracted by high resolution of graphic, story plots, and accessibility of the games. These features would definitely amuse them. But, there are lots of disadvantages of online games. Playing online games is a waste if time, You may say, â€Å"Playing online games is an entertainment. † Yes, I agree with you, but, most of the online gamers would spend a plenty of time in playing online games. Sometime, they are playing the games while they are working. They are wasting their time, aren’t they? Their productivity would decrease. Some students may skip their class and go to cybercafe to play online games too. They are supposed to go to school, but they don’t do so. They waste their money to play online games. Most online games are free to be played. But, gamers could buy virtual equipments and items that only can be used in the games. Their characters in the games would be stronger with these items. Beside that, if they play online games in cybercafe, they have to pay the charge for internet services. Playing online games may harm your health. According to an investigation, more and more teenagers have short-sightedness. It is the consequence of playing online games for a long time. In addition, it is also very harmful to your backbones. Online games are harmful to brain development, cause children neglect reading, and encourage violent behaviour. Health is wealth. We mustn’t play online games for long time to avoid health problems. Online gamers would have less time to communicate with friends and family members. Even though some online games allow you to chat with other gamers, it is simply not the same as we communicate with others when we are doing sport activities. Gamers may have anti-social behaviour. In conclusion, online games can alter the way people spend their leisure time positively or negatively. The gamers ought to have enough self control. Being fully aware of the benefits and drawbacks of online games, the gamers can maximize their advantages and avoid the addiction. 1. The Disadvantages of Playing Online Games Thanks for the Internet’s help; people can deal with things much more efficiently. For instance, sending E-mail to other countries for business, auctioning off anything which they do not need anymore, and searching for the information, and so on. There are too many functions of the Internet to count clearly at a time. However, there is one of the functions of the Internet—–Playing online games. I believe that most people have played them, especially children or teenagers. They enjoy playing online games very much. Online games offer not only entertainment but also visual effect. Most parents object their children to play online games, because they are afraid that children will be addicted to it. Actually yes, being addicted to online games may cause many terrible things. The first one, it will affect your learning attitude. Once you played overhead, you would have to skip the class or be unable to concentrate on your studies. Second, it may affect your relationship. At this time, the relationship between you and your family or friends must get worse. You do not have the same topics o chat with each other. Third, the most important one, it may harm your health. According to investigation, there are more and more teenagers wearing glasses. It is the consequence of playing online games for a very long time. Besides, it is also very harmful for your backbones. Seriously, it can cause many terrible diseases. As a result, it is important to control the time on playing online games. 2. Disadvantages of Online Games †Online games offer not only entertainment but also visual effect. Most parents object their children to play online games, because they are afraid that children will be addicted to it. Actually yes, being addicted to online games may cause many terrible things. The first one, it will affect your learning attitude. Once you played overhead, you would have to skip the class or be unable to concentrate on your studies. Second, it may affect your relationship. At this time, the relationship between you and your family or friends must get worse. You do not have the same topics o chat with each other. Third, the most important one, it may harm your health. According to investigation, there are more and more teenagers wearing glasses. It is the consequence of playing online games for a very long time. Besides, it is also very harmful for your backbones. Seriously, it can cause many terrible diseases. As a result, it is important to control the time on playing online games. † Source: http://isayenglish. blogspot.com/2010/01/disadvantages-of-playing-online-games. html Disadvantages of online educational games are: Students can become brainwashed, causing severe memory loss and students can become too reliant or addicted to online learning and not seek other sources for learning/study. Disadvantages of recreational online games are: brainwash children with result in severe memory loss and an addiction to these games can cause bad health for children, causing laziness and poor eyesight. They often contain or encourage a lot of violence in their games, especially if they are free online recreational games. 3. http://www. teach-ict. com/gcse_new/entertainment/games/miniweb/pg8. htm 4. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Gaming You don’t need me to tell you that the Internet is expanding all the time, giving users more and more information, resources and entertainment than ever before and it’s only ever going to get bigger. Thanks to this constant development, the gaming industry is able to spread its wings away from the traditional platforms – consoles and handheld computers – even those confined to history like the GameBoy – and reach new audiences around the world via the net. Many of the sites offering the chance to play game over the web require very little input from the user in terms of finance or registration, meaning you could be playing in a matter of moments. Sure, you might have to pay a small sum for access to the more recent releases or for access to gambling sites but there are still plenty of sites that offer free gaming experiences. So we all understand that the Internet offers users a wide variety of opportunities to play games, right? Cool, in that case it makes sense to discuss a few of the advantages and disadvantages of online gaming. You might be set in your ways as a PlayStation fan who loves a shoot-em up, or you might be just finding your feet on the web playing a classic game and looking to broaden your horizons. Here are three of each to help you decide whether or not you make the move online: Advantages The first major advantage to any game that utilizes the Internet – either played on a PC or Mac, or using a tablet or smartphone – is that they are regularly refreshed and updated, with any bugs fixed quickly. As any gamer who uses â€Å"apps† on their phone or tablet will know, there are always new updates being released and this can help you to play more levels or play more smoothly. With a console, however, you can only play the game you’ve bought in whatever condition and once you reach the end, that’s the end! Online the possibilities are endless. Also, PCs and Macs are known for their high quality displays making for a much better gaming experience. Playing any game – no matter how new or how good – on a television hooked up to a console is dependent entirely on the quality of the television. But with computer monitors, you get much higher resolutions than the majority of household or bedroom televisions. You also get the variety of genres online. With a console game that you have to pay for in-store, you never really know what you’re getting until you get it out and play and you may realise it’s not for you. Disaster. Playing online, however, if you don’t like the game you’re on you just close the window and find another game, genre or site until you find one. It also offers you the chance to try new games – especially on free sites – that you may not have considered for the console. Disadvantages Unfortunately some of the most high-end gaming computers are very expensive and out of the price range of many gamers. Unless you have the money to spend, you may have to resort to using a standard PC and upgrade where possible. The size of the processor or your broadband connection may also cause you several issues relating to your gaming experience. If you live in a rural area, for instance, you might find that your Internet speed is very slow meaning that the gameplay isn’t as smooth as it could be; and the size of your processor could also play havoc with the speed causing the game to buffer. As technology advances and your passion for gaming grows, however, you could look into better processors or computers as a whole; or, look into a different Internet package with better connectivity. Finally, games played on a PC are often much more complicated than console alternatives. When you have to use several keys at once, and click the mouse, or tap the screen just to do one job, you start to wish you were playing on a EXAMPLE 1. A tragic story happened in southern Russia, where a 14-year-old boy killed his father with a sledgehammer. This reportedly happened after the boy’s parents had taken away his keyboard as punishment after he spent a week playing computer games. â€Å"At around 1am (local time) on April 12, the suspect dealt his sleeping father at least two blows on the head with a sledgehammer,† the region’s investigative committee said, according to News. com. au. â€Å"The man died on the spot from a head injury. † After killing his father, the boy’s uninjured but frightened mother gave the keyboard back. The boy then continued to play computer games for several more hours before he fell asleep, at which point the mother contacted relatives who called the authorities. Russian law dictates that the 14-year-old boy is eligible to be charged for murder. 2. Chinese online gamer dies after three-day session Online gaming is becoming increasingly popular with young Chinese internet users A Chinese man has died after a three-day online gaming session in which he did not sleep and barely ate, reports say. The man reportedly lost consciousness at an internet cafe on the outskirts of the Chinese capital, Beijing. He was rushed to a clinic but could not be revived, the Beijing Times said. The 30-year-old man, who was not identified, was said to have spent more than 10,000 yuan ($1,500; ?928) on gaming in the month before his death. China has more than 450 million internet users, and online games – which can involve multiple users role-playing in a virtual world – are particularly popular with young men. Researchers say tens of millions of Chinese people – many of them teenagers – are addicted to internet gaming, despite curbs introduced by the authorities aimed at tackling the problem. Similar deaths have occurred in other nations. In 2005 a 28-year-old man died in South Korea after playing online games for 50 hours without a break.

Adverbs Are Really Quite Acceptable

Adverbs Are Really Quite Acceptable Adverbs Are Really Quite Acceptable Adverbs Are Really Quite Acceptable By Mark Nichol Adverbs are to verbs as adjectives are to nouns: They modify action words. However, they can also support other parts of speech, such as adjectives and other adverbs, as well as clauses and even entire sentences. When writers want to add to detail in the form of answers to questions such as â€Å"Who?† â€Å"When?† and â€Å"Where?† (as well as â€Å"how much?†), they reach for adverbs. Most adverbs end in ly, but note that some adjectives do, too. You can tell the difference by the root word: Seriously (from serious) is an adverb, but timely (from time) is an adjective. Others end in the related forms ways (such as sideways) and wise (like otherwise) or consist of nouns preceded by a- (akin, for example). Others, known as comparative and superlative adverbs, end respectively in -er or -est (for instance, faster and fastest). But adverbs, unlike other parts of speech, are diverse and flexible in their function, even in the same position: â€Å"He has arrived, obviously,† for example, is subtly distinct in meaning from â€Å"He has arrived obviously.† And they can be found anywhere in a sentence: â€Å"Slowly, he opened the door,† â€Å"He slowly opened the door,† and â€Å"He opened the door slowly† all mean the same thing. (An adverb can, of course, also immediately follow a verb: â€Å"He then walked quickly toward the lamp.†) Adverbs, like adjectives, have gotten a bad rap for their cluttering qualities. They are ever so useful, and so applicable and adaptable that writers often employ them mindlessly and indiscriminately. But which of the three adverbs in the preceding phrase (not only mindlessly and indiscriminately but also often) must I mercilessly vaporize with the Delete key? Don’t hesitate to apply one or more adverbs within a sentence if they serve a purpose, but do hesitate before you cast them among your prose with Brysonian abandon. Bill Bryson, the exhaustively (and exhaustingly) amusing author of The Mother Tongue: English How It Got That Way and other books on language, as well as volumes on history, science, and more, never met an adverb he didn’t like, but he’s earned the right to break the rules. Consider this sentence from his latest work, At Home: A Short History of Private Life: â€Å"Eventually even he admitted that mostly he wished to build it simply for the slightly strange pleasure of making something really quite enormous.† Out of context, it may seem quite indulgent, but this is Bryson’s voice, a voice that would be fatally muted by this Hemingwayesque excision of the sentence’s adverbs: â€Å"Even he admitted that he wished to build it for the pleasure of making something enormous.† Admonishments to avoid adverbs (and adjectives) are often misconstrued: They are not to be avoided, but they are best not employed merely to prop up weak nouns and listless sentences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureTen Yiddish Expressions You Should KnowNominalized Verbs

Media Culture Sign Symbol essays

Media Culture Sign Symbol essays A sign system is representation through communication which in turn leads to a shared meaning or understanding. We hold mental representations that classify and organise the world (whether fact or fiction), people, objects and events into meaningful categories so that we can meaningfully comprehend the world. The media use sign systems through newspapers, magazines, television,internet, and the radio etc. The conceptual map of meaning and language are the basis of representation. The conceptual map of meaning, are concepts organised, arranged and classified into complex relations to one another. The conceptual map of meaning although allows you to distinguish your own individual interpretation of the world, at the same time as holding similar views to that of other people in your culture. As the meaning is produced and constructed and in turn learned by a particular group of people. Therefore sharing conventions and codes of their language and culture. Signs can only convey meaning if we possess codes which allow us to translate our concepts into language. These codes are the result of social conventions which lead to the shared maps of meaning. These shared meanings are learnt unconsciously as we become members of a culture.If we have a concept of something in our minds we can say we know the meaning of this concept. However we cannot express or communicate this meaning without the second system of representation, language. Language is the only way in which meanings can be effectively exchanged between people, as people within the same culture are able to interpret the sign of language in the same manner. As the meanings become natural through the conditioning of culture. For example the word white in Australia represents a colour of purity, however in China it is the colour of death. Demonstrating that different cultures have not only have different meanings in their shared conceptual maps, but a different language to express i...

Roots of the Texas Judiciary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roots of the Texas Judiciary - Essay Example For the elections of the district judges and the Chief Justice, the two houses of Congress conducted a joint ballot. For lower court judges, their elections were conducted through a popular vote. County courts for each county were also established. This judicial structure was retained for the 1845 to 1869 constitutions (Womack, tshaonline.org). In 1845 however, Supreme Court district judges’ roles were discarded and consequently replaced by two associate justices (Womack, tshaonline.org). Another change was in 1850 when the positions of Supreme Court Justices and district judges were made elective; potential candidates for these positions were previously appointed by the governor with the authorization of the Senate (Womack, tshaonline.org). The appellate court of last resort-the court of appeals was formed after the constitution of 1876 (Womack, tshaonline.org). The court was given authorization of appeals in criminal, county court and probate cases. In addition, the Supreme Court neither had the ability nor the will to review the court of Appeals decisions. However, the full intention of the court of appeal was to decide the civil appeal from the district courts by abandoning the supreme courts, but unfortunately, the Court of Appeal did not succeed in its mission leading to the deterioration of the Supreme Court’s work. According to Womack, the second plan to relieve the supreme court was through the establishment of an intermediate level of appeals for cases that were civil in nature, which became possible when the Constitution was amended in 1891 (tshaonline.org). With time, the number of cases in need of attention by the courts increase and this led to an increased in the number of judges to nine by 1978 (Womack, tshaonline.org).

Dissertation conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dissertation conclusion - Essay Example It is also expected that more babies will be born at home and this could endanger the health of infants and their mothers. The respondents also perceive that the downgrading and closure proposals will be disruptive to a feeling of community. Residents of Ealing will have to leave their community for the purpose of obtaining medical health care in a number of cases. This renders the community fragmented. The reality is, Ealing Hospital is a part of the Ealing community and will not serve the greater population of Ealing. In the meantime, the campaigns have served to bring the community together, if only for a temporary and limited purpose (See Figures 1 and 2). One respondent, a community member, felt that the proposed downgrading of the A&E ward was a necessity and served the greater good of the local community. In particular, the respondent noted that things could not continue as they were. For example between 50% and 60% of patients reporting for A&E services were not casualties an d therefore overtaxed an already overburdened health care system operating on a limited budget. Downgrading would reduce the budgetary demands and would redirect services elsewhere. If things continued as they were, the trusts in the area would eventually close altogether and everyone would lose access to much-needed health care services. Cuts were therefore not only necessary to avoid closure, but also to ensure that those who need health care services the most would be able to access it. As for the impact of downgrading and in particular the proposed closure of the maternity ward, the respondent did acknowledge that there were protests within the community. However, the respondent felt that whenever there are changes to a system, there will always be disappointment. This disappointment did not equate to evidence of negative outcomes. In fact, the respondent stated that there was no evidence of a negative impact on the local community. This respondent’s impressions were quit e different from the remaining respondents. The remaining respondents were far more pessimistic about the future trajectory of Ealing Hospital and the community impact. For example, a respondent member of the Trans Union participating in the Save Our Hospital campaign predicted that the hospital changes â€Å"will be a disaster†. This prediction was based on the medical needs of residents in Ealing and in particular the large population of disadvantaged residents with medical needs. One respondent who is a medical doctor, felt that the downgrading was due to budgetary constraints, debts, and the move toward privatisation which was a persistent trend in government services. Even so, the doctor did not think that downgrading was the solution to the problem. If anything, services in the Ealing hospital should be expanded. This is particularly so for the elderly, the uneducated, migrants and ethnic minorities service users. These categories of service users typically use public t ransport and in doing so will now have to make the journey farther away to access services